![]() ![]() Muscular responses are achieved via controlled sensory stimulation.Posture and movement impairments are changeable. All individuals with these impairments have the potential for enhanced function as the brain has the ability to reorganize itself due to neuroplasticity. Individuals with CNS pathophysiology have dysfunction in posture and movement and subsequent functional activity limitations. Normal activity occurs in synergistic and functional movement patterns. Spastic or flaccid muscle tone and the presence of reflexive movements which are evident after a CVA are considered to be part of the normal process of recovery and are viewed as necessary in regaining volitional movement. Individuals who sustain a CVA regress to an older pattern of movementsĢ. Repetition is necessary for the re-education of muscular responsesġ. Motivation enhances purposeful movement and meaningful activities will encourage practice of desired movementsĤ. Movement occurs in a developmental sequence (therefore treatment will follow the developmental sequence)ģ. Normal muscle tone is a prerequisite to movementĢ. Neurodevelopmental Treatment Approach (NDT)Īlso known as the Bobath treatment approachġ. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) **This intervention approach was specifically developed for individuals who had sustained a CVA This table is designed to give you a broad understanding of how these approaches which can be incorporated into an OT intervention plan. In order to fully understand these approaches, hands on training and experience is necessary. Reflexes are therefore the building blocks of movement and motor control. As the CNS matures, reflexes become integrated and become the foundation for volitional motor control. Reflexes are automatic, predictable, and stereotypic movements which are normal responses seen from early infancy. When damage to the CNS occurs, there is a reappearance of reflexive motor activity and the inability to control these reflexive movements.Ģ. When damage to the CNS occurs, it is believed that the damaged areas can no longer regulate and exert control over the underlying areas which results in a return to more reflexive and primitive movement patterns. The lower levels regulate and control reflexive, automatic, and responsive movement. The higher centers, specifically the cortical and subcortical areas, are responsible for regulation and control of volitional, conscious movement. The CNS is an organized structure which is arranged in a hierarchy. Neurodevelopmental Treatment (Bobath or NDT) Approach.ġ. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) ApproachĤ. The four traditional sensorimotor intervention approaches are:ģ. The intervention strategies used in these approaches frequently involve the application of sensory stimulation to muscles and joints to evoke specific motor responses, handling and positioning techniques to effect changes in muscle tone, and the use of developmental postures to enhance the ability to initiate and carry out movements. Sensorimotor Approaches: The sensorimotor approaches use external sensory stimulation to elicit specific movement patterns. Pathology in any of the systems involved can result in impairments that may limit functional movement. The integration of these processes into movement is associated with practice and may include experience, motivation, reinforcement and developmental progress, all leading to permanent change in a person’s capability for skilled action. Motor Learning: The development of movement resulting from multiple processes, including those related to sensory/perception, cognitive and motor systems. The information contained in these outlines and charts will discuss the various aspects of motor control, including frames of reference, evaluation, and treatment techniques. ![]()
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